Factors that begin in the perinatal stage influence the emotional and social development of adolescents. Poor nutrition, preterm birth, maternal infection and inflammation, and exposure to environmental toxins that impair the speed and accuracy of neuronal communication, such as prescription drugs or drugs of abuse, can all impact the development of neural circuits and neurotransmitter systems, raising the risk of poor neurobehavioral development (O'Sullivan & Monk, 2020). After birth, experiences like attachment security and partnerships are linked to empathy and adaptability. Negative situations like poverty or neglect are also associated with issues with stress management and cognitive development. Self-control and interpersonal skills can be improved through early social-emotional learning in nurturing environments. Home visits and social-emotional learning (SEL)-focused instruction have been shown to have beneficial effects.

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